Eye Health Check: 9 Eye Diagnostic Tests

Published on June 13th, 2023

Updated on July 4th, 2025

There are several types of eye tests that can be carried out as part of an eye health check, to ensure the eyes are healthy. The 9 eye diagnostic tests include a comprehensive eye exam, an optical coherence tomography (OCT), a visual field test, and a retinal exam. Other diagnostic tests may include genetic testing, fluorescein angiography, electroretinogram (ERG), tonometry and an Amsler grid. Having your eyes tested once every two years can help maintain the health of your eyes and can help optometrists detect signs of eye disease early. Some of the symptoms an eye disease can present may include swelling around the eye, sudden blurry vision, red eyes, headaches, and light sensitivity, according to the Optometrists Network. Other symptoms can include clouded vision, dry eyes, inability to focus eyes, and crossed eyes, according to Harvard Health Publishing. The causes of eye disease may include diabetes, increased age, high blood pressure, obesity and a poor diet. It is important to note that these causes are common across certain eye diseases only and can depend on factors according to the patient. To diagnose eye diseases, optometrists will perform standard eye examinations and diagnostic tests as well as ask patients about their medical history and current medications.

The 9 ways to detect eye diseases and their definitions are listed below.

Comprehensive Eye Exam: A comprehensive eye exam consists of a series of tests to help evaluate different regions of the eye.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Optical coherence tomography is a non-invasive imaging test that uses light waves to capture images of your retina.
Visual Field Test: A visual field test is a way to measure your peripheral vision.
Retinal Exam: A retinal exam uses techniques known as ophthalmoscopy or machines such as retinal cameras to take a close look at the retina.
Genetic Testing: Genetic testing may be used to determine if your genes have a variation that can cause eye diseases.
Fluorescein Angiography: Fluorescein angiography is a test that uses a dye and takes photos of the retina which helps to show the blood vessels at the back of the eye.
Electroretinogram (ERG): An electroretinography (ERG) test measures the retina’s electrical activity when responding to light stimuli.
Tonometry: A tonometry test is used to evaluate the pressure of the eyes to help detect if a patient is at risk of glaucoma.
Amsler Grid: An Amsler grid is a grid that is square in shape and used to monitor any changes in your vision.

1. Comprehensive Eye Exam

A comprehensive eye exam is a series of tests that can assist with the detection of common eye diseases. Comprehensive eye exams can help with detecting eye diseases such as cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, corneal ulcers and macular degeneration. According to the American Optometric Association, the optometrist may conduct preliminary tests of your eye health and visual function, depth perception, colour vision, peripheral vision and response to light. Other important tests include looking at your refractive status, the ability to move your eyes and checking your overall eye health according to the American Optometric Association. Checking your medical history will help the optometrist to gain a better understanding of your condition. Visual acuity is intended to examine the clarity of your vision by reading out the letters on a chart from a certain distance. Your refractive status will be based on whether you are nearsighted, farsighted or have astigmatism. To evaluate your eye health, your optometrist may need to use a lens, digital technology and microscopes to evaluate the structures of the eye and the tissues surrounding the eye.

$An optometrist conducting a refraction test on a patient.$

2. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging test that allows the examination of the retina. Optical coherence tomography can help with diagnosing eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy among many other conditions. This test works by using light waves to take images of your retina and enables an optometrist or ophthalmologist to examine each layer of the retina, helping them to identify and measure the thickness of those layers. Looking at these measurements assists with diagnosing eye diseases and guidance for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic eye disease, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology. During an OCT, you will be positioned in front of a machine where your eyes will be scanned.

3. Visual Field Test

A visual field test helps the optometrist assess the extent of your peripheral vision. It can also identify whether you have blindspots in your peripheral vision. A visual field test can be performed by an optometrist and can assist in identifying indications of diseases such as glaucoma. As glaucoma may not show symptoms, a visual field test can detect peripheral vision loss. At Oscar Wylee, this test can be done if the optometrist deems it necessary for your condition.

4. Retinal Exam

A retinal exam, also referred to as a fundoscopy, is a test that assesses the retina and optic nerve. A retinal exam may include dilation, which is conducted by placing eye drops that widen the pupil to allow the optometrist to look at the retina more closely. A retinal exam can also enable the optometrist to assess the back region of the eye, which includes the macula, blood vessels and optic nerve. A retinal exam can detect eye diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration and eye cancer according to the National Institute of Cancer. Other tools such as an ophthalmoscope or a slit-lamp biomicroscope can also be used to conduct this diagnostic test.

5. Genetic Testing

Genetic testing may be helpful for eye diseases that are suspected to be inherited. Genetic testing can aid in diagnosing diseases such as Retinitis Pigmentosa. However, genetic testing may not be advised as the complex nature of multiple gene variations and environmental risk factors accompanied by disease progression can make it difficult to understand the results according to the Macular Degeneration Foundation. It is currently advised that you should get your eyes tested regularly if there is age-related macular degeneration in your family history.

6. Fluorescein Angiography

Fluorescein angiography is a test that takes photos of the retina which enables an examination of the blood vessels in the back of the eye. A fluorescein angiography test works by injecting the fluorescein dye through your arm. The dye will pass through your body and highlight the blood vessels. As the dye flows through the retina, a camera is then used to capture images, which will enable the ophthalmologist to identify problems and where they can target treatment. Fluorescein angiography is normally used for detecting eye diseases such as macular edema, diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology. The retina is located towards the back of the eye and functions to convert the light that comes through your eyes into signals. These signals go through the optic nerve and are then sent to the brain. At Oscar Wylee, we do not perform this imaging test as we do not have an ophthalmologist on site. Our optometrist will refer you to an ophthalmologist if your condition requires this test.

7. Electroretinogram (ERG)

An electroretinogram measures the retina’s electrical activity in response to light stimulus according to the American Optometric Association. An electroretinogram works by dilating your pupils first and may use anesthetic drops to numb the eye. A contact lens-sized electrode is then placed in both eyes. An electrode is also placed on your skin to serve as a ground for the slight electrical signals from the retina. A flashing light will be shown while in regular light and in a dark room allowing the electrodes to measure the retina’s response to light. The results are demonstrated on a monitor in the form of waves. This test can help with identifying eye diseases such as macular degeneration as well as other diseases according to Healthline. This test is not conducted at Oscar Wylee.

8. Tonometry

Tonometry is a test that may be conducted as part of the pre-testing process to evaluate the pressure of the eye. A tonometry test can be carried out by applying force to the cornea and will indicate how much force was needed to flatten the cornea. If more force was needed, that can indicate high intraocular pressure, which is a factor in developing glaucoma. A tonometry test can help determine your treatment plan. The type of tonometry test can be decided based on your visual needs.

9. Amsler Grid

An Amsler grid is a square grid with a dot in the centre that can be used to detect problems with your vision. If you have been diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration, the lines on the grid may appear to be wavy, broken or missing entirely. If you experience these changes, it is important to contact your ophthalmologist right away according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

What Are Eye Diseases?

Eye diseases are problems in the eye that may require more advanced care and treatment from an ophthalmologist. Common eye diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts and age-related macular degeneration are diseases that can lead to vision loss and other complications in the eye. However, there are also eye conditions that may also fall under the broad term of eye disease, such as refractive errors, amblyopia and strabismus.

Is a Blood Test for Eye Problems Necessary?

No, a blood test for detecting eye problems is not always necessary. However, blood tests done alongside an eye test can reveal if you have any underlying conditions that can affect eyesight. For example, Giant Cell Arthritis, the inflammation of medium-sized arteries affecting the arms, upper body and neck, can also result in blurred vision, or even sudden vision loss. A dilated eye exam and blood test can allow for an early diagnosis.

What to Know More About Detecting Eye Diseases

It is important to know that there are minimal safety risks involved when detecting eye diseases. For certain eye exams that require eye drops for pupil dilation, you may experience blurred vision temporarily. Other types of eye exams that use special machinery such as retinal imaging or optical coherence tomography, also pose minimal risks to patients’ safety. According to the Cleveland Clinic, fluorescein angiography may include side effects such as discolouration in the skin, dark or tinted vision and a burning sensation in the skin if the fluorescein dye leaks during the injection. These side effects may last for a few minutes. Depending on your eye condition and the type of eye exam performed your optometrist or ophthalmologist will likely advise you not to drive for up to 24 hours.

What Are the Common Eye Diseases?

The common eye diseases are glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Other eye conditions that are common are refractive errors, strabismus (misaligned eyes) and amblyopia (lazy eye). These conditions are eye problems that will require a professional diagnosis by an optometrist.

What Causes Eye Diseases?

The causes of eye disease can include diabetes, increased age, high blood pressure, obesity and a poor diet. These causes are common across many eye diseases; however, it is important to acknowledge that there are other factors and circumstances that could also contribute to developing eye diseases.

It should be: How Can I Protect My Eyes from Disease?

Yes, eye diseases can be hereditary. Eye diseases that have links to genetic factors are retinal degeneration, congenital glaucoma, congenital cataracts, optic atrophy and eye malformations. According to the Cleveland Clinic, most of these eye diseases are the leading causes of blindness among infants. Other conditions that can be linked to genetics are refractive errors, strabismus and glaucoma. According to the Centre for Eye Research Australia, inherited retinal eye diseases can occur due to flaws or changes in the genes. These flaws can cause the retina’s cells to function abnormally.

What Are the Signs of Eye Disease?

The signs of eye disease are inflammation of the eye, sudden blurry vision, redness and headaches. Other signs and symptoms of eye disease can include sensitivity to light, floaters, low vision at night and flashes according to the Optometrists Network. If you experience any sudden changes to your vision, it is important to seek medical attention or consultation with your optometrist right away.

Infographic of some different eye diseases.

How Can I Maintain Eye Health?

There are many ways a person can maintain eye health with the most important being having regular eye tests so that optometrists can test for eye diseases and also assess your vision. Other ways to maintain eye health include wearing sunglasses to protect your eyes from the sun’s harmful UV rays. Keeping a balanced and healthy diet can help maintain overall health including eye health. You can also limit screen time where possible as it can prevent conditions such as digital eye strain. Finally, make sure to tell someone if your vision changes such as an optometrist or your doctor. You can find a detailed guide on maintaining your eye health by reading our 10 tips for eye health and keeping your eyesight healthy article.

How are Eye Diagnosis Done?

Eye diseases are diagnosed by different types of tests, such as a comprehensive eye exam, an optical coherence tomography (OCT), a visual field test, and a retinal exam. Other forms of testing may include genetic testing, fluorescein angiography, electroretinogram (ERG), tonometry and an Amsler grid.

How Often Should I Have an Eye Exam to Detect Eye Diseases?

It is recommended that you have an eye exam at least once every two years to detect eye diseases and also maintain overall eye health. For people 65 years old, then a yearly review is ideal. Other factors that may require more frequent eye exams include if you have a medical condition such as diabetes. You can easily book online for an eye test at Oscar Wylee and our trusted and skilled optometrists will provide bulk-billed eye tests for eligible Medicare cardholders.

A Snellen chart with glasses in front of them.

What Are the Different Tests Used to Detect Eye Diseases?

There are many different tests used to detect eye diseases that can be administered by optometrists and ophthalmologists. Three common tests used to detect eye diseases include a comprehensive eye test, a visual field test and a tonometry test. The common tests performed to detect certain eye diseases and their definitions are listed below.

Comprehensive eye test: A comprehensive eye test is performed by an optometrist and includes a series of tests that can detect common eye diseases. It is recommended that a person has an eye test at least once every two years to maintain eye health.
Visual field test: A visual field test will be performed on indication and is used to assess a person’s peripheral vision and visual scope. This test quantifies how well a patient can see through each eye, individually and binocularly.
Tonometry: Tonometry is a test typically performed during pre-testing to evaluate eye pressure. Tonometry is often used to assess for the eye disease glaucoma as it can be associated with high eye pressure.

Can Self-Examination Help Detect Eye Diseases?

No, self-examination to detect eye diseases is not advised as certain eye diseases require special optometry equipment to diagnose. Self-examination may be used to assess visual acuity but, overall, it is recommended people book an appointment with an optometrist to receive a comprehensive eye test which will include an assessment of a patient’s vision, and a check of eye health.

Can a Retinal Exam Help Detect Signs of Disease?

Yes, a retinal exam can help to detect signs of eye diseases including glaucoma, macular degeneration and eye cancer. A retinal exam is a diagnostic test, also known as a fundoscopy, that evaluates the back of the eye including the retina and the optic nerve. This exam often requires the patient’s pupils to be dilated to provide the optometrist with better visualisation of the eye.

Are Eye Diseases More Common with Age?

Eye diseases may be more common with age. There are certain eye conditions that are linked to senior eye health, such as Age-Related Macular Degeneration, an eye disease that affects the macula, the central part of the retina, potentially causing blurred or distorted vision. However, age is not a sole factor in how common eye diseases can be. Lifestyle factors and genetics can make people more susceptible to eye diseases at any age.

Can Eye Diseases Be Hereditary?

You can protect your eyes from eye disease by maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular eye tests and wearing sunglasses. Read more about these ways to protect your eyes from disease below.

Maintaining a Healthy Diet: Maintaining a healthy diet is important to ensure healthy eyes. Eating leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits such as oranges and oily fishes are important as these are believed to support good health in various parts of the eye.
Getting Regular Eye Tests: Getting regular eye tests are important to ensure any eye conditions are recognised early. It is recommended these be done once or twice a year, or whenever you start to have changes in your vision.
Wearing Sunglasses: Wearing sunglasses on sunny days will provide you with good protection from harmful UV rays, for both your eyes and the sensitive skin surrounding it. Excess exposure to UV radiation can lead to eye conditions such as Cataracts and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Can Diet and Nutrition Help Prevent Eye Problems?

Yes, diet and nutrition plays a key role in preventing eye problems and conditions that may emerge. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are present in the retina, providing antioxidant properties and eye pigment density. These nutrients are found especially in yellow and orange fruits and leafy green vegetables, making them a beneficial nutrient for maintaining eye health. Vitamins such as A, C, E and the nutrient Zinc are said to potentially prevent the progression of macular degeneration which makes food such as nuts, seeds, red meat and shellfish important to incorporate. You should avoid highly processed food high in fat and sugar such as chips, soft drinks and fast food.

How Do Eye Diseases Affect Daily Life?

Some eye diseases can largely affect daily life. Eye diseases can impede on daily tasks such as reading, working, driving or even navigating your surroundings. That is why it is important to monitor changes in your vision and regularly get eye tests to stay on top of your eye health and any possible problems that can emerge.

Are Children at Risk for Eye Diseases?

Yes, children can be at risk for eye diseases though it is rarer. Early detection is crucial for children as their eyes and vision continue to develop until around eight years old according to Eye Research Australia. Make sure to schedule regular eye tests for them, particularly if they identify changes to their vision, or if there are physical changes to their eyes.

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